Books
Crawford, Kate. 2021. Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Hao, Karen. 2025. Empire of AI: Dreams and Nightmares in Sam Altman’s OpenAI. New York: Penguin Press.
Academic Papers
Bender, Emily M., Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. 2021. “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜.” Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency.
Suarez Estrada, Marcela, Müller Barbara, Olivia Guest, and Iris van Rooij. 2025. “Critical AI Literacy: Beyond Hegemonic Perspectives on Sustainability.” Sustainability Dispatch.
Bender, Emily M., Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. 2021. “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜.” Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency.
Suarez Estrada, Marcela, Müller Barbara, Olivia Guest, and Iris van Rooij. 2025. “Critical AI Literacy: Beyond Hegemonic Perspectives on Sustainability.” Sustainability Dispatch.
When we critique AI, we should do so with intellectual honesty and in a principled way. . . Critical reflection cannot be reduced to a mere ‘check box’ before unleashing AI technologies in our daily life after all... Researching and reflecting on the harms of AI is not itself harm reduction. It may even contribute to rationalizing, normalizing, and enabling harm. Critical reflection without appropriate action is thus quintessentially critical washing.